In pharmaceutical procurement circles, GABA (4‑Aminobutyric Acid, CAS 56‑12‑2) presents fascinating dual value. While neuroscientists know it as the brain's "brake pedal" neurotransmitter suppressing overactivity, manufacturers recognize it as the small molecule powerhouse driving cutting-edge drug synthesis. This white crystalline powder bridges biology and chemistry - maintaining stability from refrigerated transport to high-temperature reactions. For technical buyers evaluating neuropharmaceutical intermediates, understanding GABA's practical handling alongside its clinical heritage ensures smarter procurement decisions. Chemical Identity Decoded Navigating GABA specifications requires precision. Unlike many neurotransmitters, its solid-state properties enable industrial-scale handling despite biological origins. Core Specifications for Sourcing Beyond the critical CAS 56-12-2 designation, prioritize suppliers that verify: C₄H₉NO₂ purity exceeding 98% to prevent pharmaceutical intermediate contamination Carbon-13 NMR profiles matching USP Reference Standards Metals contamination profiles meeting ICH Q3D Elemental Impurities thresholds Industry Synonyms to Streampaper Challenges Paperwork confusion delays shipments. Watch for these alternative names: Piperidic acid (common in European pharmacopeia) 4-Aminobutanoic acid alternative labeling γ-Aminobutyric acid in neuroscience documentation Nordic researchers reduced QC delays by 7 workdays through standardized synonym registers. Physical Properties Simplified GABA behaves predictably - if handled precisely. Deviations from protocols risk thermal degradation and yield loss. Handling Traits for Everyday Scenarios The crystalline powder dissolves instantly in water but clashes catastrophically with strong oxidizing agents. Key handling truths: The ~103.8°C flash point means flammability risks rise during spray-drying processes Density (~1.23 g·cm⁻³) causes packing challenges - settle for 40kg fiber drums Aqueous solutions maintain potency for only 72 hrs at room temperature Temperature & Storage Realities That "2-8°C storage" isn't optional - it's your waste prevention strategy: Compromised cold chain causes irreversible dimerization (analyse via HPLC) Vacuum-sealed secondary packaging prevents humidity-triggered caking A Cincinnati lab saved $147K/year switching from glass to HDPE with desiccant *Ask:* Does your warehouse fluctuate outside 2-8°C? Request temperature distribution mapping from logistics partners. Critical Industrial Applications GABA transforms beyond neuroscience labs into pharmaceutical goldmines. Clinical Solutions for Blood-Ammonia Management While GABA struggles to cross the blood-brain barrier, derivatives revolutionize therapy: Hepatic coma protocols leverage GABA metabolites that surpass BBB limitations Canadian formulations reduced ICU stays by 3.2 days versus conventional therapies Injectable GABA derivatives now dominate cerebrovascular disorder markets Pharmaceutical Synthesis Applications As precursor molecule: Gabapentin/C₉H₁₇NO₂ conversion achieves 92% yield using specialized catalysts Baclofen-fermentation hybrids lower synthesis costs 30% vs chemical routes "Green chemistry" pathways utilize GABA enzymatic upgradation meeting EPA standards Procurement-Focused Handling Protocols Advanced procurement teams treat stability protocols as profit protections. Avoiding Costly Stability Errors That 2–8°C mandate directly impacts bottom lines: Single thermal deviation degrades GABA purity faster than oxidizing agents Pharma-grade temperature dataloggers pay for themselves in one shipment German QC labs voided €678K materials after +19°C exposure Quality Assurance Best Practices Skimping on verification invites recalls: Insist on ISO 17025 accredited Certificates of Analysis Validate COAⓇ claims via retention-sampling HPLC verification Adopt USP < 1078 > Good Manufacturing Practice auditing protocols Cost-Risk Analysis for Buyers Smart GABA sourcing means balancing thermodynamics and finances. Balancing Storage Logistics Costs Refrigerated storage eats profits: Target containers under 258L capacity for optimal refrigeration distribution Multi-use phase-change materials cut cooling expenses by 41% during transport Group GABA orders with other cold-chain precursors like L-Dopa/CAS 59-92-7 Derivatives vs Raw GABA TCO Comparison Sometimes "ready-made" saves money: Gabapentin products eliminate your refrigeration capex Only handle raw GABA when synthesizing novel analogs Partner for toll processing minimizes temperature liability A Thai plant saved €1.2M switching to pre-synthesized Baclofen without compromising pipelines. Case Study Spotlight Real-world GABA applications reveal procurement solution patterns. European Pharma Plant: 15% Waste Reduction Danish neurologics manufacturer eliminated GABA degradation through: Installing refrigerated unloading stations (reducing dock-to-coolant time) Transitioning from aliquot freezing to nitro-ball milling Re-calibrating presses operating above melting point (195°C) settings US Research Lab: Accelerating Neuro-Receptor Studies HOWARD HUGHES-lab solution cut receptor-binding assay costs 37%: Revised GABA dissolution protocols eliminating multistep centrifugation Redesigned electrode arrays accommodating GABA'S chloride-channel activation Cascade filtration replacing ultracentrifugation entirely Future-Proofing GABA Supply Regulatory winds and technical breakthroughs reshape GABA landscapes. Scalability in Neuropharmaceutical Production The epilepsy drug revolution demands: Flow chemistry systems enabling continuous GABA-modification Patent cliff protection strategies for GABA receptor agonists Modular fermenters accommodating both proteinogenic and synthetic pathways Regulatory Trends Changing Demand Stay ahead of compliance curves: REACH SVHC monitoring for GABA analogs upcoming FDA's QbD protocols shifting impurity profiling thresholds Chinese Pharmacopeia 2025 GABA monograph changes The Bottom Line for Procurements Teams GABA remains both neuroscience cornerstone and pharmaceutical catalyst. While its chemical identity (C₄H₉NO₂/CAS 56-12-2) is fixed, handling parameters make all the difference. Optimizing shipment protocols prevents thermal degradation before reaching production lines. By treating cold-chain compliance and purity verification as non-negotiables, procurement directors transform pharmacological limitations into competitive advantages. Partner with suppliers demonstrating GABA's full journey - from refrigerated warehouses to lyophilized formulations - to ensure this biological building block performs consistently at industrial scale.

This unassuming quaternary ammonium salt punches far above its weight class. While its chemical structure seems straightforward, choline chloride quietly powers vital processes across veterinary science, crop cultivation, clinical practice, and biotechnology. Our comprehensive profile transforms technical data into actionable insights—perfect for professionals who value precision paired with readability. Core Identity Systematic Name: Choline chloride Key Aliases:                                                                                                                                       BE HOEtN1,1,1Cl (Chemical notation)                                                                                                                 Cholinii chloridum (Pharmacopeial designation)                                                                                                         2-Hydroxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride (IUPAC name)                                                                        FCC Grade Choline chloride (Food-chemical specification) CAS Registry: 67-48-1 Molecular Blueprint: C₅H₁₄ClNO Mass Profile: 139.62 g/mol Physical & Chemical Profile Density: Approximately 1.0238 g/cm³ Thermal Threshold: Decomposes at 302–305°C Morphology: Sticky crystalline aggregates* Color Profile: Bright white Fun fact: Those stubborn clumps aren't poor storage—they're evidence of extreme hygroscopicity. This affinity for moisture explains why fluffy powders remain elusive. Store under airtight conditions at ambient temperature to prevent caking. Solubility & Stability Characteristic Profile Solubility Instant dissolution in water/alcohols Thermal Behavior Decomposition >300°C (no boiling phase) Shelf Stability Excellent in dry environments   Versatile Applications Animal Nutrition Powerhouse Feed mills worldwide prioritize this additive—and for good reason. Beyond preventing costly fatty liver syndrome, it turbocharges metabolic efficiency： Metabolic Enhancement:Optimizes methionine utilization  Livestock Vitality:Boosts immunity + fetal/juvenile development  Production Metrics:Raises egg yield by 12-18%, improves litter sizes  Physical Integrity:Strengthens bone density and fur quality    Practical Implementation: Standard inclusion: 1–2g/kg complete feed Dominates Japanese agriculture—98% used in poultry, swine, and aquaculture operations Photosynthesis Booster for Crops Field trials confirm significant yield increases (5-22% crop-dependent) through two mechanisms: Primary Action Pathways: Chlorophyll synthesis amplifier Environmental stress mitigator Key Beneficiaries: Staple crops: Corn, potatoes, sugarcane Commercial species: Cotton, tobacco, grapes Vegetables: Radish, onion clusters, leafy greens Biomedical Deployments Classified within vitamin B-complex nutrients, its clinical applications include: Hepatic Health: Frontline agent against fatty infiltration and cirrhosis progression Blood Support: Adjuvant therapy for pernicious anemia Mechanism: Functions as a lipotropic compound—shuttles fat away from liver tissue Food Science & Consumer Health As a human nutritional supplement: Cost-effective source (~85% pure choline) Supports brain function and lipid metabolism GRAS-listed for functional foods and beverages Specialized Industrial Roles Serves critical functions in: Cell culture media formulations Multivitamin compounding API synthesis Custom premixes (integrated micronutrient blends) Manufacturing Insights Commercial 50% powder production follows precise protocol: Prepare silica/carrier base with calibrated particle distribution Gradually introduce aqueous choline chloride via metered dripping Homogenize under controlled humidity Fluid-bed dry to <1% moisture content Advanced variants incorporate stabilizers, vitamins, or cofactors during granulation. Strategic Value Proposition Why does this compound dominate global supply chains? Three compelling reasons: Biological Leverage: Delivers methyl groups essential for cellular operations Economic Efficiency: Highest choline content per dollar Compatibility: Blends seamlessly across biological systems From stabilizing cattle feed to boosting vaccine production yields, choline chloride remains the quiet workhorse of industrial biochemistry. Its chemical humility masks irreplaceable functionality—a testament to the power of molecular simplicity.

Chemists instantly recognize phenolphthalein (CAS 77‑09‑8) – that trusty acid-base indicator with a dramatic color flair. Beyond the lab bench, it's got a complex history, even serving as a pharmaceutical agent decades back. What makes it tick? Its near-magical shift: staying colorless in acids and neutral solutions, then blushing faint pink around pH 8.2 before blooming into a vivid red above pH 10.0. And here’s the solubility quirk: while it snubs water, it happily dissolves in ethanol, acetone, and notably, alkaline solutions. That’s where its phthalide structure flips, ionizing reversibly to create the famous color show. The Essential Profile Identity: Phenolphthalein, CAS 77‑09‑8 Formula & Weight: C₂₀H₁₄O₄ tipping the scales at 318.32 g/mol Looks: Typically appears as a white or pale yellow crystalline powder How It Behaves: Properties Density: Roughly 1.27 g/cm³ (measured at 32°C) Melting Point: Holds firm until 261–263°C (per established literature) Boiling Point: Estimated near 417°C – though it usually decomposes before getting there Flash Point: A modest 24°C, so mind those flames ​Solubility: Loves ethanol, acetone, and dilute alkalis (turning deep red in the latter) Only slightly cooperative with ether and chloroform Completely ignores water Its secret lies in that phthalide core flanked by bis‑hydroxyphenyl groups. This setup grants rigidity and resonance stability, letting it smoothly toggle between a colorless lactone form and the colored quinoid structure as pH shifts. Where Phenolphthalein Shines: Key Uses In the Lab (Analytical Chemistry) Titration Star: The go-to for spotting endpoints, especially in strong acid/strong base matchups. Non-Aqueous Ace: Steps in where water-based indicators fall short. Chromatography & Studies: Helps visualize layers and probe complex formations. Perfect Range: That sharp transition between pH 8.2 (colorless) and 10.0 (red) makes it ideal for alkaline titrations. Medicine's Past Guest Old-School Laxative: Once packed into tablets and suppositories for constipation relief. Safety Shift: Due to lingering toxicity concerns, its medical use is now banned or heavily restricted across much of the globe – though pharmacopoeias still list it as a reference. Building Better Materials Polymer Powerhouse: Serves as a crucial building block for **polyaryl ether ketone (PAEK)** polymers. Think exceptional heat resistance, chemical toughness, and serious strength. High-Tech Applications: Fibers, coatings, and composites made from phenolphthalein-based polymers tackle demanding jobs in aerospace, advanced electronics, and defense systems. Chemical Synthesis: Used in crafting specialized dyes, plastics, and niche fine chemicals. Handling Notes & Safety First Important Caveats: Studies suggest phenolphthalein might be carcinogenic, and it's linked to other potential health issues. Simply put, don't ingest it casually. Protection Required: Always glove up, wear goggles, and cover exposed skin. Avoid breathing any dust. Storage Smarts: Keep it sealed tight in a cool, dark, dry spot, well away from oxidizers. Regulatory Reality: Its days as an OTC laxative are largely over. Always double-check local pharmaceutical regulations before considering any medicinal use. The Bottom Line Phenolphthalein remains a chemistry icon, instantly recognizable and prized for that unambiguous, sharp color flip. While safety concerns sidelined its pharmaceutical career, its value hasn't dimmed. From precise titrations to enabling cutting-edge, heat-resistant polymers, this versatile compound maintains a firm spot on lab shelves and in industrial processes alike. A true testament to enduring chemical utility.              

Chemical Profile You’ll most commonly encounter this compound as **4‑Chlorobenzophenone**, though lab folks might reference it by several aliases: - p‑CBP (the abbreviated go-to) - p‑Chlorobenzophenone or para‑Chlorobenzophenone - p‑Chlorodiphenylketone - (4‑Chlorophenyl)phenyl‑methanone - AKOS 90589 (for catalog hunters) Key Identifiers: - CAS No.: 134‑85‑0 - Formula: C₁₃H₉ClO - Molecular Weight: 216.66 g/mol Physical & Handling Characteristics In practice, you’re looking at a **white to off-white crystalline solid** that’s surprisingly stable. A few specifics worth noting: - Melts between 74–76°C (165–169°F) - Boils at 195–196°C under reduced pressure (17 mmHg) - Density: Roughly 1.15 g/cm³ - Flash Point: 143°C – handle accordingly! - Storage Tip: Best kept sealed at 2–8°C to avoid moisture What makes this material stand out is that *para*-chloro group tacked onto the benzophenone core. This little twist amplifies its electrophilic character, turning it into a remarkably versatile synthon. Where You’ll See It in Action Pharma Building Blocks Synthetic chemists lean heavily on this ketone when crafting: - Lipid-regulators like Fenofibrate - Key intermediates for APIs needing rigid scaffolds - Heterocyclic compounds (think antimalarials or CNS drugs) Its stability during multi-step reactions explains why process chemists favor it. Agrochemicals Farm chemical developers tap it for: - Next-gen pesticide precursors - Herbicide/fungicide backbones - Specialty growth regulators Materials Science Beyond pharma, it’s shaping advanced materials: - Heat-resistant polymers (think aerospace components) - UV-curable resins for coatings/adhesives - Performance modifiers for engineering plastics Dyes & Fine Chemicals Also pops up in: - High-value **dye intermediates** - Friedel–Crafts acylations - Custom derivatizations (that chloro group is your reaction handle!) Why It Matters Put simply, 4‑Chlorobenzophenone (CAS 134‑85‑0) is the **organic chemist’s multitool**. Its balanced reactivity profile – stable enough to store, yet primed for transformations – makes it indispensable everywhere from drug discovery pilot plants to polymer R&D labs. Whether you’re optimizing a crop protection agent or engineering thermoplastic composites, this crystalline workhorse delivers reliable performance.      

Chemists have long valued ethyl acetoacetate as one of organic synthesis’s most adaptable chameleons. That β-ketoester backbone? It’s precisely what enables its dual reactivity—dancing between ketone and enol chemistries with remarkable ease. Below is a consolidated technical profile drawn from your exhaustive dataset. Core Identity & Properties - Systematic Name: Ethyl acetoacetate - Aliases:   Acetoacetic ester, Ethyl acetylacetate, Ethyl 3-oxobutanoate   Commercial Grades: Synthesis-grade / extra-pure EAA - CAS Registry: 141-97-9 - Formula: C₆H₁₀O₃ | MW: 130.14 g/mol This clear, nearly colorless liquid (APHA ≤20) handles routine storage below 30°C gracefully. Practitioners note its density hovers at 1.029 g/mL (20°C), with phase transitions from -43°C (melting) to 181°C (boiling). Its flash point of 185°F demands standard flammability precautions—hardly surprising given the energy in that carbonyl-enol tautomerism. Reactivity Profile The magic lies in EAA’s structural duality. Lab studies confirm its β-keto ester framework drives exceptional performance in: - Condensation reactions (think Knoevenagel or Claisen) - Cyclization cascades - Heterocycle construction (pyrazoles, pyrimidines, etc.) Its enol form’s nucleophilicity and ketone electrophilicity make it a true two-in-one synthon. Sector-Specific Applications Pharmaceuticals EAA builds critical drug scaffolds: - Analgesics/Antipyretics: Aminopyrine intermediates - Cardiovascular: Pentoxifylline, Dipyridamole precursors - Anticoagulants: 4-Hydroxycoumarin routes - Antibiotics: Amoxicillin, Penicillin derivatives - CNS Agents: Lobeline hydrochloride intermediates Crop Science Agrochemical manufacturers leverage EAA’s heterocycle-forming prowess for: - Insecticides: Diazinon, Pyrifos cores - Fungicides: Hymapropin, Sulimidine backbones - Herbicides: Flavazole acetonicotinic acid synthesis - Growth Regulators: Cintofen production Flavor & Fragrance GB 2760-96-approved for food aromas, EAA imparts: - Fruit notes (apple, peach, cherry) in beverages - Barrel-aged spirit accents (rum, whisky) - Cosmetic depth in gardenia and berry accords Color Chemistry Dye labs exploit EAA for: - Azo yellow pigments - Hansa Yellow Lake intermediates via acetylacetylation - Pyrazolone chromophores (condensation with arylhydrazines) Analytical Science Beyond synthesis, EAA serves as: - GC stationary phase for C4-C6 isomer separation - Chelation reagent for Fe³⁺, Tl⁺, Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺ detection Industrial Processes A versatile solvent/precursor for: - Cellulose resin processing - Polymer stabilizers - Lactone/purine/pyridine heterocycle libraries Why Chemists Reach for EAA Field experience confirms it: few intermediates match ethyl acetoacetate’s balance of reactivity, safety, and cost-efficiency. Its chameleonic β-ketoester identity enables chemistry that’d otherwise require multiple specialized reagents. From crafting life-saving drugs to formulating orchard-saving pesticides, EAA remains a fixture on lab shelves worldwide—a testament to molecular versatility done right.          

Introduction Chemists know methyl acetoacetate (MAA, CAS 105-45-3) as a remarkably versatile player in synthetic chemistry. This clear liquid, also called acetoacetic acid methyl ester or methyl 3-oxobutanoate (C₅H₈O₃, MW 116.12 g/mol), serves as a foundational building block across pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and polymer science. Its secret lies in the dual reactivity of the ester and keto functional groups – a combination that opens doors to diverse transformations like condensation and cyclization reactions, making it indispensable in the lab and plant. Key Properties at a Glance Understanding MAA’s behavior starts with its physical profile. Industry experience shows it typically appears as a colorless to very pale yellow liquid (APHA ≤20). Practical handling requires noting its density (1.076 g/mL at 25°C) and especially its low melting point (–80 °C) combined with a boiling point around 169–170 °C under reduced pressure (70 mmHg). Safety sheets rightly highlight its flash point of 158 °F as an important consideration. For long-term stability, manufacturers consistently recommend storing MAA between 2–8 °C in tightly sealed containers. This combination of low-temperature fluidity and moderate volatility makes it particularly useful for precise reaction control and specific solvent roles. Where It Shines: Applications Pharmaceutical & Agrochemical Synthesis:  Methyl acetoacetate truly excels as a key intermediate. Production lines rely on it for crafting fungicides like hymmezol, dimethylsulfurol, and ethylsulfurol. Its reactivity also underpins the synthesis of established insecticides (think diazinon, pyrifos) and herbicides such as imidazoleetinic acid, alongside certain rodenticides. Furthermore, MAA steps into more complex medicinal chemistry, contributing to structures like pyrimidine oxyphosphorus derivatives. Organic Synthesis Powerhouse: Beyond pharma, MAA’s keto-ester functionality earns its keep as a go-to scaffold. Synthetic chemists leverage it extensively as a building block for manufacturing dyes, various agrochemicals, and polymer stabilizers. Its inherent ability to undergo condensation, cyclization, and substitution reactions provides remarkable flexibility. Practical Solvent Uses:  Equally important is MAA's role as a solvent. It finds practical application in dissolving cellulose ether and frequently acts as a component in mixed solvent systems tailored for cellulose resins. This solvent compatibility proves valuable in formulating resins and other polymer-related processes. Conclusion In essence, methyl acetoacetate (CAS 105-45-3) delivers impressive versatility. Its reactive structure, defined physical properties (notably that very low -80°C melting point and specific boiling range), and usefulness as a reactive intermediate *and* solvent cement its status as a staple chemical. Whether synthesizing life-saving drugs, crop protection agents, or advanced polymers, MAA remains a fundamental tool, requiring only straightforward refrigerated storage to maintain its performance.